<![CDATA[A new genetic analysis of Panamanian men has revealed the legacy of the Spanish colonisation of the Americas. Even though most Panamanians are from female indigenous ancestry, only 22% of the men studied had Y-chromosomes of native origin. The researchers' findings paint a picture of Panama's tumultuous, often tragic history and the long term consequences of European colonisation. In particular, it shows the signature of the strong male genetic impact of European invaders. With a few regional exceptions, most populations in Panama exhibit a dominant influence from Old World populations, in particular western European haplogroups. Sub-Saharan input accounts for 5.9% of male haplotypes, reflecting the impact of the colonial Atlantic Slave trade, as well as more recent influxes of West Indians of African origin. The study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, was performed by a team of scientists from the University of Pavia, led by Viola Grugni. The team studied the genetics of 408 Panamanian men to investigate Y-chromosome variation in the population through the centuries. In modern Panama, seven indigenous ethnic groups account for 12.3% of the country’s population. 83% of the country’s general population however, harbour mitochondrial DNA of native ancestry. By focusing on the Y-chromosome, the researchers revealed a remarkable contrast between paternal and maternal genetic inheritance. The Native American component (Haplogroup Q) exceeded 50% in only three regions on the Caribbean facing side of Panama. Two of those regions, Comarca of Kuna Yala and Bocas del Toro province, are areas dominated by speakers of the indigenous Chibchan language. The third, the province of Colón, hosts a population dominated by the Kuna, an indigenous people of Colombia and Panama, and people of mixed indigenous-African-European descent. Every human has a pair of sex chromosomes which determine their gender. Whereas women have two X-chromosomes, men have one X and one Y chromosome – the Y-chromosome inherited from their father. Mitochondrial DNA on the other hand, is only inherited from the mother in both males and females. Small mutations which have accumulated in the two types of DNA over time allow scientists to trace genetic histories. By highlighting differences in the make-up of Y-chromosomes and Mitochondrial DNA, the authors have revealed the long term genetic effects of colonisation. The Spanish conquest, beginning in 1499, instigated drastic genetic change in Central America. Much of the native population was killed in conflict with the Spanish population, while the spread of European diseases to people with no immunity to them was also catastrophic. Male Spanish colonists typically came to the region without their wives, often taking native women as their partners. The legacy of this is found in the dominance of European DNA in the Y-chromosome. The presence of Sub-Saharan DNA reveals the long term genetic impact of the Atlantic slave trade. The results also show the geographic distribution of Spanish colonisation, which after 1519 was most densely focused on Panama’s Pacific side where a drier climate was more suitable for agriculture and cattle raising. The prevalence of Eurasian Y-chromosomes ranged from 62 to 72 percent in test subjects from the Pacific regions of Panama, while the proportion of native chromosomes was between 66 to 88 percent in the Caribbean regions, a dramatic difference. Darien Province had the highest proportion of Sub-Saharan DNA, according to the results. The authors believe this notable exception is explained by the region having been a popular point of refuge for escaped slaves during the colonial period. The region of Central America that is now Panama has been inhabited continuously for the the last 10,000 years, the new study reveals the massive genetic changes that have occurred in the last 600 as a result of European colonisation. For more information, the full study is available here Image courtesy of Jorge Aleman, STRI]]>
Spanish Conquest Echoed in Panamanian Genetics
