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Editorial

In the Land of the Giants: Folklore’s Biggest Villains. Literally

Even though Jack commits violent acts, such as ripping a giant’s belly open in one of the stories, more often that not, it is his clever trickery and quick thinking that helps him out of tough situations. He knows he cannot match the strength and the size of Cormoran, Galigantus, or any other giant, so he exploits their weaknesses. Right from the beginning, it’s an unfair right, but Jack is not the one to be discouraged. At the heart of these stories is the battle of good vs. evil, but the giants are used as villains for a reason. They aren’t fully fleshed-out characters with unique qualities that to them apart from one another, but their lowest common denominator is their size, power, brutality, but also their lack of skill and intelligence, as they are always portrayed as blood-thirsty monsters, often clumsy and dim-witted. As such, they serve to provide the perfect foil for our tiny hero, as Jack’s qualities can shine when juxtaposed with characteristics of the giants. These stories give us the message that is that no matter how small you are, you always have a fighting chance to emerge victorious if you use your smarts, wit and bravery against a brute, mindless, destructive force.]]>

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Editorial

Bad Vs. Good: Two Sides of the Same Coin

The villains play an ungrateful role, and ironically, sometimes their only purpose is to make the hero more appealing. The battle of good vs. evil, light vs. dark, hero vs. villain is as old as time itself. There are many examples of that in folklore, mythology, religion and literature of all cultures. There are numerous references in the Bible, Torah, and Quran which address that subject. Interestingly enough, even though there were and there still are many civilizations, cultures, countries and languages, that particular battle seems to be rather universal. The only thing that changes are the names, locations and the circumstances, but the core of it remains the same. If we were to perform a more thorough research on a single example, we would find that it probably has a similar counterpart in a different culture, under a different name. Of course, this can also be due to the fact that when a new culture suppresses the old one, it inherits some of its characteristics as well. For example, there are many examples of pagan beliefs that were carried over into Christianity. One of the oldest legends which depicts the age-old battle of good vs. evil is the story of Beowulf. Beowulf is an Old English epic poem about the eponymous hero, set in Scandinavia, and is considered one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature. Beowulf, the hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heoroth, is being terrorized by a vicious monster named Grendel. In addition to Grendel, Beowulf also has to battle Grendel’s mother and a dragon. Each of these is used to develop the characterization of our hero further, each one presenting a unique set of challenges he has to overcome, displaying his best qualities. Beowulf is a classic example where establishing a dichotomy between a hero and a villain is used to infuse life in both the hero and the villain, making them more complex and real, as opposed to just treating them as polar opposites, with a clear line of division between them. Depicted simply as an evil monster, Grendel isn’t exactly a fully fleshed-out character, but then again, he doesn’t need to be, as his purpose is to make the reader root for the hero, in this case, Beowulf. Very early in the story, we see a dichotomy being created: Grendel, who is sinister and bloodthirsty, spreading evil and fear among the people, and Beowulf, who fights for the people and wants to protect them. We aren’t familiar with what drives Grendel to commit such despicable acts, nor do we know his motives, as he is simply described as creature of darkness, and that serves as a stark contrast to Beowulf’s motives and actions, which are selfless, to an extent, as he does desire glory. The point is the villain, in this case Grendel, is used merely as a tool to make the hero more approachable and likable, and therefore an emotional connection is forged between the reader and the hero. By making the villain as heinous as possible, the hero is glorified and his actions, even those who might be considered questionable, or even flat out wrong, are justified and made acceptable. The hero and villain often share some of the qualities, such as strength, wisdom and intelligence, which makes their rivalry all the more interesting and realistic, but, there is a key difference in their goals and desires. The hero fights to protect others, even if that means putting himself in harm’s way, which might cost him his life, and the villain feeds off his evil acts and his ultimate goal is his self-satisfaction. But, perhaps there is another reason why we always root for the hero. We all like to think of ourselves as good people, with good character traits, and we tend to see the hero as a perfected image of ourselves, and that’s what makes him so relatable]]>

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Editorial

It’s Good to Be Bad: Shining the Spotlight on the Villain

And, really, if we take a quick look at some of the famous and infamous villains, such as Dr. Hannibal Lecter, Hans Gruber, Col. Hans Landa or The Joker, the films in which they appeared wouldn’t have had such an impact without them, or they would be something entirely different. And most actors relish playing those roles, as they can get away with a lot more, as opposed to when they are playing the hero. We always root for the heroes, but they are often one-dimensional characters, limited by the requirements of the script and the expectations of the audience, as they have to be the epitome of all that is good and righteous. Ok, maybe every now and then, there comes a hero that is a bit more complex and dark, with his own demons, but still, he has to obey some rules. A villain doesn’t have to do any of that. He’s not constrained by morals, ethics, and while we may not love them, we certainly love to hate them. If a villain is smart, powerful, ruthless, cunning and often charismatic, we feel that much more satisfied when the hero triumphs. But this is not only true of films. Examples of this can also be found in literature, mythology and folklore of all cultures, and while the line between these three is often blurred, and they share some of the stories and characters, the rules are almost the same. As this subject is really broad, this time we’re going to focus on one well-known Hero vs. Villain rivalry, the one between Robin Hood and the Sheriff of Nottingham. Without question, the Sheriff of Nottingham is Robin Hood’s principal nemesis. There have been many incarnations of both Robin and the Sheriff in films, literature, folklore and each of them brought something new, establishing a distance from the original story in terms of accuracy. It is almost impossible to determine the real facts, or even if Robin or Sheriff were historical figures, but, that’s not our concern at this time. We’re going to focus on what’s common to all the interpretations, the antagonism between the two of them. A good source, if you’re interested in a more in-depth study, is “Robin Hood: A Collection of All the Ancient Poems, Songs, and Ballads, Now Extant, Relative to That Celebrated English Outlaw; To Which Are Prefixed Historical Anecdotes of His Life” by Joseph Ritson (PIBN: 1000597106). We practically know all there is to know about Robin Hood, but the same cannot be said about the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff himself was appointed by the King, as a legal authority, but that certainly didn’t make him the moral authority, as he and his henchmen were rotten and corrupt, introducing unfair taxes and robbing the people they supposed to protect, executing everyone who stood in their path. He is most commonly portrayed as intelligent, ruthless, greedy figure, who will do anything to stop Robin Hood, the only one brave enough to stand up to him. While we are more familiar with Robin, as he is the hero of this story, and more attention has been given to him and the people around him, such as the Merry Men, or Maid Marian, some space has been left for the Sheriff of Nottingham to counterbalance the good deeds done by Robin, thus making the story more suspenseful and making the hero more likable by setting him up against a truly heinous villain. And although the Sheriff doesn’t have the support of the people, or his associates, which might assist him sometimes, but at the same time have their own agenda, he still has considerable means at his disposal which he uses to battle Robin, including his blackmail, bribe, money or worse. Even though he is evil, he isn’t just a mere psychopath, spewing venom, but a more shrewd, calculated figure, driven by ambition and greed, using his intellect in addition to violence to remove the opponents who stand in his way. In that aspect, he serves as a perfect foil for Robin Hood, displaying character traits of equal intensity, but on the opposite end of the scale. Also, some of the tactics employed by Robin and his men, such as theft, are justified as they present the only way of fighting the villainous authority figure. And that is the key fact that explains our perception of a hero: as someone who is defined by his great deeds, and not necessarily someone who is morally incorruptible. That, in turn, defines the role of a villain, as well, who isn’t burdened by similar requirements. The villain’s job is to provide the archenemy and moral nemesis for our hero. That’s what makes a villain. However, being a great villain is something a lot more complex, as the author needs to infuse the character with a human element, motivation and the reasons for his wrongdoings, making him into something more than a cardboard cutout. As a consequence of that, the story sets itself apart from the bunch, ultimately becoming something more: a legend.]]>