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Never Seen Before Headless Burials Discovered in Siberia

Siberian Times: “Burials without heads are quite common. Usually it is because of war. There was a widespread practice in which bowls were made of the heads of defeated enemies.” As he describes it, eating from the enemy’s skull was the ultimate victory celebration. “But this is obviously a different case,” he added. In other burials, the heads were not placed in the same grave as the body. Also unusual, if these were the remains of enemies, was the care taken to ensure the deceased received the rituals associated with an honored death, such as being well dressed. When burying their own, as opposed to war enemies, the Pazyryks typically took great care to not distort the bodies of the diseased. Additionally, tombs containing headless children have never been seen before now. The archeologists have considered whether grave-robbers, in the act of stealing the ornaments buried with the bodies, might have severed the heads on purpose and then placed them by the knees for some unknown reason. However, the skeletons had not been disturbed, as one would expect after such an act. The discovery has resulted in more questions than answers, Dr. Konstantinov admitted in the Siberian Times, adding, “We have no similar cases, so we need to investigate this one very thoroughly. We will continue the research of these skeletons. We need to determine their gender and (approximate) age. It is also important to study the traces on their cervical vertebrae to understand how and when the heads were cut off or separated in some other way. We hope to get the first results in December or January.” Photos of the burial can be found here: siberiantimes.com ]]>

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Neanderthals' Extinction May Rest on Not Having a Coat

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, the quartet describe how they determined the possible reason Neanderthals perished during the Ice Age while early humans survived, by looking at what’s been found at each groups’ campsites. It’s not what the researchers found by analyzing the data related to Neanderthal campsites that is so significant, but what they didn’t: any evidence the Neanderthals used animal fur to stay sufficiently warm. When the campsites of modern humans and Neanderthals were compared, the researchers discovered the one glaring difference at the Neanderthal sites was the absence of animal remains of the type that would have been used to make the parka style clothing needed in a cold climate. By comparison, numerous examples of fox, mink, rabbit and wolverine remains were identified at 56 locations of early human campfires, many of which might have been skinned for use in crafting fur coats or parkas. The discovery of wolverine remains in particular was of note because it’s the animal which people living in the Arctic often use to keep warm, as it works extremely well as a fringe and lining on the hood. The Neanderthal extinction happened suddenly, at around the same time modern humans started to expand into Eurasia. Since the discovery of the first Neanderthal remains, both their place within the human family tree and their relationship to modern humans has been a hot topic of debate. They’ve been classified, at different times, as both a separate species known as Homo neanderthalensis, and as a subspecies named Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Following an analysis of 40 individual Neanderthal sites in western Europe, researchers concluded in 2014 that the Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000 years ago. Although much earlier than previous estimates, this date was established using improved methods of radio carbon dating (Neanderthals could have survived longer in Siberia and eastern Europe). Theories on the Neanderthals’ extinction include: an inability or failure to adapt to the changing climate, or competitive exclusion as a result of the encroachment of modern humans. It’s also possible their extinction was hastened by violent conflicts with early humans. Warfare and conflict were pervasive features within hunter-gatherer social groups. Additional evidence of early humans creating warm clothes has also been found, for example, bone needles and other types of tools used to scrape animal pelts. Also, a number of figurines discovered in Siberia, which have been dated back to around 24,000 years ago, were found wearing parka-like animal fur coats. No evidence of Neanderthals wearing or crafting cold weather clothing has ever been discovered. Why the Neanderthals didn’t have clothes warm enough to survive the colder climate remains a mystery, the researchers suggest in their paper that they might have lacked the know-how, or perhaps their cultural traditions somehow prevented it. ]]>

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13th Century Mummy Found in Siberia