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Women Win the Right to Vote in New Zealand
Month: September 2015
Australopithecus afarensis diversified their diet, are important, because the dietary shift was directly linked to bipedalism and a better adaptability. When the first primates emerged on the evolutionary scene, they were pretty much tree-bound, which meant they were also bound to a certain limited number of habitats. By learning to walk on the ground, and upright at that, their hominin heirs gained access to more food sources and could move over greater distances, which meant they could survive and thrive in more diverse habitats than their ancestors. It is possible that climate change had a role to play in the dietary changes they observed, but the authors of the study report that they were unable to establish such a link firmly, instead suggesting that the emergence of new primate species was an important factor as it changed the ecology of the already existing primate communities. One of these new species was the now extinct baboon Theropithecus oswaldi, which joined the primate community around 3.76 million years ago, around the time the dietary change started to take place. It is with relation to these primates that Levin’s team found something very interesting. It appears that these large baboons started eating grass and grass-based foods before their teeth changed shape to be more suitable for grazing. This shape change only happened after they learned to walk on the ground. Study co-author Johannes Haile-Selassie from the Cleveland Museum of National History told Heritage Daily that the results “indicate that form does not always precede function. In the earliest baboons, dietary shift toward grass occurred before its teeth were specialized for grazing.” For more information: “Dietary change among hominins and cercopithecids in Ethiopia during the early Pliocene” Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user: Rehman Abubakr ]]>
Homo naledi in South Africa has resonated negatively with some South Africans, spurring a seemingly confusing controversy within the black African community. In a country still reeling from the long-standing effects of apartheid, a growing movement to dismiss the discovery of Homo naledi as part of a racist conspiracy to find spurious scientific evidence that black Africans are less than human has been growing in popularity. Cosatu’s former general secretary, Zwelinzima Vavi, proclaimed on his Twitter account that he was “no grandchild of any ape, monkey or baboon” and that “no one will dig old monkey bones” in order to drum up support for what he viewed as a spurious theory that he “was once a baboon”. Vavi has more than 300,000 Twitter followers. The South African Council of Churches (SACC), an organization that had been historically involved in fighting apartheid, came out in support of Vavi’s statements. The president of the SACC, Bishop Ziphozihle Siwa, added fuel to the fire by stating Vavi’s comments were “spot on”, and that it was insulting to claim that black Africans descended from baboons. While apartheid came to an end with Nelson Mandela’s election as South Africa’s first black president in 1994, the injustice and indignities of the former regime’s racist policies run deep. Under apartheid rule, Vavi recounted, he remembered how he had been denigrated by the ruling class to the point where he had been referred to as “a baboon” all his life. Meanwhile, the response of the international scientific community has been perplexed and confused by the vehemence of Vavi, the SACC and others in strongly protesting the discovery of Homo naledi. Richard Dawkins, a noted British biologist, summed it up on Twitter by dismissing the idea of a racist conspiracy as paranoia, pointing out that according to current evolutionary theory we’re all descended from the same biological source; as Dwakins put it, “Whole point is we’re all African apes.” Meanwhile, the official reaction of the South African government has been a positive one. Cyril Ramaphosa, the country’s deputy president, remarked in a statement that the discovery of Homo naledi underscores the bonds we all have with a common ancestor, adding that Africa is the resting place of “our common umbilical cord”. Despite these encouraging words, former chief whip and African National Congress member of parliament Mathole Motshekga proclaimed in an interview with the ENCA television network that the discovery of Homo naledi was a plot to support efforts of Western culture to characterize black Africans as “subhumans”. It’s because of exactly this type of theory that no Africans are respected anywhere in the world, Motshekga proclaimed during his interview, adding that these findings are in line with what colonialists did and said to classify black Africans as less than human in order to justify their oppression, exploitation, and enslavement during the colonial appropriation of South Africa. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user: Chris Stringer, Natural History Museum, United Kingdom]]>
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Famed Heretic Reaches the New World
www.nature.com Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user: Ryan Somma ]]>
Homo heidelbergensis, the species believed to have given rise to both the Neanderthals and modern humans. Homo heidelbergensis lived in Europe, Asia, and Africa around 600,000 to 250,000 years ago, according to the Science report. Later, however, tracing the origins of these fossils became complicated. Two years ago, analysis of mitochondrial DNA – the non-nuclear genetic information in the cell that is inherited on the maternal side only and is very useful in tracing a person’s ancestry – revealed that the Sima de los Huesos fossils did not have as much in common with Neanderthals as they did with another ancient hominin species, the Denisovans. Researchers suggested that the inhabitants of the Sima de los Huesos cave had interbred with Denisovans or maybe that this Denisovan mitochondrial DNA actually belonged to a common ancestor, possibly Homo erectus. This is when the Max Planck Institute of Human Evolution joined the study and tried to extract and sequence nuclear DNA to settle the matter. This took two years, with Matthias Meyer’s team focusing on a tooth and a leg bone fossil from which they managed to extract enough fragments to work with. According to Meyer, they got as many as a couple of million base pairs – not a lot but enough for a reasonable level of accuracy in the results, which were in the form of unique genetic markers for Neanderthals, modern humans, and Denisovans. What these results showed was that the occupants of the Sima cave had split from the ancestor they shared with the Denisovans more than 430,000 years ago and they were Neanderthals, the Mail Online quotes Meyer’s report from the meeting. The implications of these results are that first of all, the Neanderthals are much older than previously believed, and also that the split between them and modern humans occurred much earlier. Talking about the findings to Mail Online, palaeoanthropologist Chris Stinger from the Natural History Museum in London said the results suggested modern humans and Neanderthals split around 650,000 years ago, while Neanderthals and Denisovans separated some 450,000 years ago. This constitutes a serious shake-up of the human evolution tree, adding further evidence to the idea that it was much more complex than previously believed. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user: Bjorn ]]>
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Teeth Analysis Links Famous Fossil to Lemur
Darwinus masillae fossil has more in common with modern lemurs than previously thought. University of Toronto PhD student Sergi López-Torres along with Associate Professors Mary Silcox and Michael Schillaci, designed a model to understand how Darwinius developed. Using this new model, they were able to reexamine the standard interpretation of Darwinius masillae‘s place in the evolution of primates. Discovered in Messel Pit, Germany, in 2009, the fossilised remains of the deceased primate were nicknamed Ida, and represented the first example of a previously unknown genus. One of the most completely preserved fossils ever found, it is possible to see almost every bone in the skeleton, as well as outlines of skin and fur, and the contents from the creatures last meal. Darwinius masillae lived about 47 million years ago during the Eocene period. The fossil is of an immature female, measuring about 58 cm in length (including the tail). Like most primates she had opposable big toes, and the fingers and toes had nails instead of claws. The 95% complete fossil has become a crucial source of information for scientists about the Eocene period. The University of Toronto researchers compared the sequence by which adult teeth came in – dental eruption – in Darwinius with that of other primates. The fact that the Darwinius fossil is of such a young creature made it easier for the researchers to map the eruption of its teeth. “Every species has a particular pattern by which their teeth come in and this allows us to estimate the age of fossils that died before their adult teeth could emerge”, Lope-Torres said in a University of Toronto press release. “It seems that the pattern of dental eruption for Darwinius is more similar to that of lemurs than to that of monkeys.” To begin the study, Lopez -Torres undertook a comprehensive analysis of 97 living and fossilised extinct primates to form a better idea of the patterns of dental development between different species of primate. He discovered that the three most primitive primate ancestors; the ancestor of apes, monkeys and tarsiers; the ancestor to lemurs and lorises; and the common ancestor to all primates – all had the same eruption sequence of their teeth. This pattern was similar to the eruption sequence found in the Darwinius fossil. The key to concluding that Darwinius was closer to lemurs than the other groups came in the eruption of the third molar. “The major difference is we found that anthropoids (ancestors to monkeys, apes and humans) are characterized by a late eruption of the third molar, which is something Darwinius clearly doesn’t show.” Darwinius has developed into something of a controversial species since its initial discovery, with a variety of interpretations having been made of its role in evolution. The team who found the fossil concluded that it was closely related to haplorrhines, and in particular anthropoids, having used a modern squirrel monkey as a model to study it. Subsequent researchers have argued that it is more likely a strepsirrhine species, the species that includes lemurs. The new researchers don’t completely support that hypothesis, but they do believe that the nature of Darwinius’ third molar discounts the anthropoid theory. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user: Jens L. Franzen, Philip D. Gingerich, Jörg Habersetzer1, Jørn H. Hurum, Wighart von Koenigswald, B. Holly Smith]]>
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Sabra and Shatila Massacre
brutal massacre of civilians, with men, women and children being viciously attacked by the militia. Three days later the Phalangist militia was ordered out of the camps, with Israeli intelligence reporting that 700 – 800 people had been killed in attacks motivated by revenge for the recently killed Gemayel. Israel’s government condemned the massacre and denied any responsibility, although a later Israeli investigative commission claimed Israel was “indirectly responsible”, and that then Israeli Defence Minister Ariel Sharon held personal responsibility. Meanwhile, the United States faced criticism for failing to protect those in the Sabra and Shatila camps, despite an earlier promise to do so. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user: Spayne35 ]]>